常州市典型臭氧污染天气过程及成因分析研究

臭氧是一种存在于地球臭氧层和近地面的气体,它对人类和环境是否有益取决于大气中存在的位置。高空臭氧层使人类免受紫外线伤害,而近地面臭氧是光化学烟雾产生的主要污染物,损害农作物、树木和其他植物生长,危害人体健康诱发儿童哮喘等疾病。本文结合2013年8月12日常州市出现的臭氧污染天气,利用气象和空气自动监测数据,对污染过程、变化特征和成因进行了分析。结果表明,在连续高温、太阳辐射强度大、风速低、大气扩散条件差等气象因素和臭氧前体物（NMHC）较高等不利条件下,易形成臭氧污染天气,导致空气质量下降。     

在线气相色谱测定园区中特征污染因子研究

近两年来,随着科学技术的不断发展,在线气相色谱分析仪已逐步在国内监测实际中得到应用,在线气相色谱的应用使挥发性有机物的实时、连续监测成了可能,有效改善了实验室监测数据的滞后性,减少了样品采集、储存、运输过程中产生的误差,结合常州市某化工园区大气特征污染因子预警系统的建设情况,简单介绍了在线气相色谱的工作原理和过程。通过特征污染因子标准曲线的建立和比对试验,说明了在线气相色谱环境监测应用的可行性。     

膜生物反应器处理甲苯性能及机制

采用膜生物反应器处理甲苯有机废气,研究了进气浓度、停留时间、循环液喷淋密度和pH值对甲苯去除率的影响.膜生物反应器能高效净化挥发性有机废气,甲苯去除率可达99%.适宜运行条件为:pH值为7.2、停留时间为6.4 s、循环液喷淋密度为2.5 m3.(m2.h)-1.采用GC-MS分析出口气样,研究结果表明乙醛酸(C2H2O3)和乙烯基甲酸(C3H4O2)为甲苯生物降解的中间产物.膜生物反应器处理甲苯机制为甲苯气体通过中空纤维膜传质到生物膜,被生物降解为乙醛酸和乙烯基甲酸,然后继续好氧降解为最终产物二氧化碳和水.     

利用FeS去除水中硝基苯的试验研究

为研究FeS还原去除硝基苯的性能,采用批次试验的方法,考察了各因素对FeS去除硝基苯性能的影响.结果表明,在初始硝基苯浓度为0.96 mmol·L-1条件下,当FeS用量为1.2 g时,反应180 min后,硝基苯去除率达到90%.初始硝基苯浓度、FeS用量、温度、FeS重复使用次数对硝基苯去除率有较大影响.初始硝基苯浓度在0.74～1.74 mmol·L-1之间变化时,初始硝基苯浓度每增加0.1 mmol·L-1,硝基苯去除率下降4.7%.FeS用量在0.3～1.5 g内变化时,FeS用量每增加0.3 g,硝基苯去除率增加近20%;FeS用量为1.8 g时,硝基苯去除率为100%.温度在10～25℃范围内变化时,温度每升高1℃,硝基苯去除率增加1.6%;温度为30℃时,硝基苯去除率为100%.硝基苯去除率随FeS重复使用次数的增加而下降.转速在10～80 r.min-1内变化时,转速变化对硝基苯去除率的影响较小,硝基苯去除率稳定在75%左右.FeS对模拟化工废水有较好的处理效果,反应60 min后,硝基苯去除率为100%.     

柱状污泥基活性炭制备方法及其除污染效能研究

以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料,用氯化锌活化法研究一种柱状污泥基活性炭(CSAC)的制备方法及其工艺条件优化,并选择粉末污泥基活性炭(PSAC)和一种商品煤质碳(MAC)作为对照,考察了CSAC对重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)及有机污染物硝基苯的吸附去除效能.结果表明,CSAC的比表面积及微孔容积分别是306.9 m2·g-1和0.109 cm3·g-1,仅为MAC的36.7%和23.6%,但其对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量却远远高于MAC,说明CSAC表面存在的高含量酸性官能团在吸附去除重金属过程中起到了重要的作用.由于制备原料相同及制备工艺相似,CSAC与PSAC的理化性质基本相同,两种炭的表面酸性官能团含量较高,对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)均具有较好的吸附去除效果,优于MAC,只是CSAC的比表面积和微孔容积略低于PSAC;在对硝基苯的吸附实验中,CSAC及PSAC的吸附效率均远远低于MAC,说明在对有机物硝基苯的吸附中,活性炭的比表面积等物理性质起到了较大的作用.同时,所制备的CSAC的稳定度大于95%,易于分离回收,不会造成二次污染,适合废水中重金属离子的吸附去除.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Efficient dechlorination of chlorinated solvent pollutants under UV irradiation by using the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets in aqueous phase

Titanium dioxide(TiO2), which is the widely used photo-catalyst, has been synthesized by simple hydrothermal solution containing tetrabutyl titanate and hydrofluoric acid. The synthesized product has been applied to photo-degradation in aqueous phase of chlorinated solvents, namely tetrachloroethene(PCE), trichloroethene(TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA). The photo-degradation results revealed that the degradation of these harmful chemicals was better in UV/synthesized TiO2 system compared to UV/commercial P25 system and UV only system. The photo-catalytic efficiency of the synthesized TiO2 was 1.4, 1.8 and 3.0 folds higher compared to the commercial P25 for TCA, TCE and PCE degradation, respectively. Moreover, using nitrobenzene(NB) as a probe of hydroxyl radical(.OH), the degradation rate was better over UV/synthesized TiO2, suggesting the high concentration of.OH generated in UV/synthesized TiO2system. In addition,.OH concentration was confirmed by the strong peak displayed in EPR analysis over UV/synthesized TiO2system. The characterization result using XRD and TEM showed that the synthesized TiO2 was in anatase form and consisted of well-defined sheet-shaped structures having a rectangular outline with a thickness of 4 nm, side length of 50 nm and width of 33 nm and a surface 90.3 m2/g. XPS analysis revealed that ≡Ti-F bond was formed on the surface of the synthesized TiO2. The above results on both photocatalytic activity and the surface analysis demonstrated the good applicability of the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets for the remediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater.     

Unregulated emissions from diesel engine with particulate filter using Fe-based fuel borne catalyst

The alteration and formation of toxic compounds and potential changes in the toxicity of emissions when using after-treatment technologies have gained wide attention. Volatile organic compound（VOC）, carbonyl compound and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAH） emissions were tested at European Steady State Cycle（ESC） to study unregulated emissions from a diesel engine with a fuel-borne catalyst and diesel particulate filter（FBC–DPF）. An Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst was used for this study. According to the results, brake specific emissions of total VOCs without and with DPF were 4.7 and4.9 mg/kWh, respectively, showing a 4.3% increase. Benzene and n-undecane emissions increased and toluene emission decreased, while other individual VOC emissions basically had no change. When retrofitted with the FBC–DPF, total carbonyl compound emission decreased 15.7%, from 25.8 to 21.8 mg/kWh. The two highest carbonyls, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, were reduced from 20.0 and 3.7 to 16.5 and 3.3 mg/kWh respectively. The specific reactivity（SR） with DPF was reduced from 6.68 to 6.64 mg/kWh. Total particle-phase PAH emissions decreased 66.4% with DPF compared to that without DPF. However, the Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent（BaPeq） with DPF had increased from 0.016 to 0.030 mg/kWh.Fluoranthene and Pyrene had the greatest decrease, 91.1% and 88.4% respectively. The increase of two- and three-ring PAHs with DPF indicates that the fuel-borne catalyst caused some gas-phase PAHs to adsorb on particles. The results of this study expand the knowledge of the effects of using a particulate filter and a Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst on diesel engine unregulated emissions.     

基于土壤气调查的废弃工业场地人体健康风险评估研究

土壤气采样和分析是蒸气侵入评估的一个常用的工具.以某废弃化工场地为研究区,采集污染区域10个点位处的土壤气（编号SG1至SG10）,并分析土壤气中的苯、乙苯、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯和三氯甲烷等挥发性有机物.根据测定的土壤气体浓度,结合Johnson ＆amp;Ettinger（J＆amp;E）侵入模型评估了该废弃场地土壤气中挥发性有机物侵入带来的人体健康风险.风险评估结果表明,SG5与SG6处非致癌风险指数大于1,而10个采样点位中有9个（除SG8处）的单一污染物可接受致癌风险均超过1.0E-6.相对于非致癌风险,致癌风险存在面更加广泛,同时程度也比较严重,在进行场地再开发之前需要考虑场地修复等风险管理措施.